Resistant hypertension: medical management and alternative therapies.

Resistant hypertension affects 20% to 30% of patients with high blood pressure (BP). It is defined as failure to achieve goal BP despite using at least 3 antihypertensive drugs of different classes, at maximal tolerated doses, one of which must be a diuretic. Persistent suboptimal BP is the most common attributable risk for death worldwide and its prevalence will most likely increase over the next decade. We review the epidemiologic aspects and diagnostic challenges of resistant hypertension, barriers to achieving proper BP control, and causes of secondary hypertension. Lifestyle modification and pharmacologic and device approaches to treatment are discussed.